Variable Air Volume (VAV) System to achieve better Indoor Dissertation

Variable Air Volume (VAV) System to achieve better Indoor Environmental Quality for a commercial Building & energy saving - Dissertation Example The main reason for these functions like heating, ventilation, cooling, and air-conditioning is to make occupants of rooms comfortable (Awbi, 2003). VAV system is one of the HVAC applications and its main purpose is to reduce energy cost as well as maintenance cost. The use of VAV process contains two main components and the components are the room and the VAV damper. The main VAV air handling system is the embedded HVAC system which most of the times are invisible. It is this system that is responsible for delivery of conditioned air to the whole building or structure. The use of this type of system has two merits and the merits are based on the constant volume that is found within the system. This system has the fan control capacity unlike other systems like CAV and the fan control capacity enhances reduction of the used amount of energy. CHAPTER ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION Variable Air Volume also commonly known as (VAV) system is a kind of ventilation, heating, and air-conditioning devi ces that use a supply duct of fresh air and gives out hot or cool air as the supply air. The air which is being supplied to this device most of the time has constant temperature and therefore, the resultant airflow always varies for the achievement of the fall and rise of the losses or gains characterized with thermal zone. Most of the VAV systems have two primary merits and the merits are due to the constant volume within the system. The system has a fan control capacity which is capable of reducing the amount of energy consumed through the fan. This energy which is used by the fans forms the total energy cooling requirements which are beneficial to the building (Etheridge & Sandberg, 1996). The Variable Air Volume system has a lot of dehumidification compared to the constant volume system because the constant volume system is capable of modulating the temperature of the discharge air. The attainment of the temperature for the discharged air constitutes the cooling load of the whol e system. Within this system the blowing rate for the air is greatly varied and in the case of Variable Air Volume with a single handler for air, the serving for various multiple zones can be achieved. The flow rate associated with each multiple zone when only one handler is operational is always varied. The Variable Air system has a terminal unit and this terminal unit acts as a VAV box which controls the air flow rate for the different zones. This box operates automatically with the help of the actuator. There is a direct connection between the central or local control systems with the VAV box and the control system at times is pneumatically controlled. The use of Variable Air Volume (VAV) for many years has been able to provide quality indoor air thereby improving the quality of the surrounding environment. The quality of the surrounding air greatly affects the general environmental quality and therefore, the use of this system has been preferred in many buildings that belong to private individuals as well as companies. A lot of health benefits are attributed to indoor air quality since low quality air contains microbes that are capable of affecting the occupants of the buildings (Chadderton, 2004). A lot of prevalence has been given to the VAV system compared to CV system and this prevalence is

Stressful Conditions at the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Stressful Conditions at the Workplace - Essay Example The other measure to relieve stress in the workplace is accessing training needs and conduct of training to augment effectiveness in job performance including time management and assertiveness training. This can be done through attending short workshops for training purposes and participating in training aimed at improving understanding of stress management practices. Other measures to relieve job-related stress include talking to other employees at the workplace on a stressing situation to gain their support especially human resource managers, colleagues, managers, and trade union representatives (Murray, 5). Talking can also be with people outside of work, for example, family and friends to gain their insight and get their views on the stressful situation. When the issue is excessive workload, the employee should ensure this gets the attention of the manager to allow (Murray, 5)for a better and convenient work allocation fitting the needs of the employees and solve the stress from the job. Maintaining a balance between play and work allows for the use of leisure time to prepare the employee for work and relieve job-related stress. This includes regular exercising, taking holidays, maintenance of a healthy diet, and maintaining support networks. Learning to think positively about a job-related stress, counseling, and seeking medical intervention are the other measures of relieving job-related stress.   Ã‚  

Main Pollutants emitted by vehicle Engines Essay Example for Free

Main Pollutants emitted by vehicle Engines Essay The hydroxyl radical then reacts with nitrogen dioxide and oxidises it to nitrate ions. The superoxide ion reacts with nitrogen monoxide to form nitrate ions. NO2 + OH H+ + NO3- NO + O2- NO3- These nitrates are then either washed away or absorbed by the blocks to form stable compounds. The crystals also catalyse the reaction because the surface of the block holds together the reactants. This increases the concentration of the reactants. Figure 2: NOX removal by titanium oxide crystals. x Three-way Catalytic Converters A three-way catalytic converter oxidises carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, and reduces the levels of nitrogen oxides. It does this by creating the right conditions for reactions of these emissions to occur. The air to fuel ratio must be carefully controlled as oxygen is needed for the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. Oxygen sensors are fitted in engines with a three-way catalyst. Figure 3: The three-way catalyst system. xi Three-way catalysts are designed to produce more desirable reactions and less undesirable reactions. Desirable reactions reduce the harmful emissions from the car exhaust. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, and nitrogen oxides react with carbon monoxide to produce carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The products are already present in the Earths atmosphere. 2CO + O2 2CO2 C7H16 + 11O2 8H2O + 7CO2 2CO + 2NO 2CO2 + N2 xii Three-way catalytic converters contain the stoichiometric fuel mixture. This means that the catalysts have the right amount of oxygen to combust the fuel and react with the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. Three-way catalysts also contain ceria, which stores oxygen when the mixture is lean, and releases it when the mixture is rich. This gives optimum conversion of pollutants because as the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are absorbed onto the catalysts surface, the oxygen stored by the ceria oxidises them even if there is not enough oxygen in the air to fuel ratio. xiii The future Scientists still have problems that need to be solved to reduce harmful vehicle emissions. One problem that needs to be addressed is how to prevent harmful exhaust emissions when the catalyst is still warming up. There are several ways that this could be dealt with, including operating the catalysts at lower temperatures and also heating the catalyst before the engine is started. xiv Scientists also need to develop a system that is able to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions from diesel engines. There are several ideas on how to go about this, including using ammonia in the exhaust, but nothing has yet been developed.  http://www.nutramed.com/environment/carsepa.htm

Avon: Manage Change in Organizational Behaviour

Avon: Manage Change in Organizational Behaviour INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Change is something vital in todays environment for very organisation due to the various factors like economic change, technology changes and competition change etc. The organizational behaviour is presentation of the organizational culture, structure and individuals working in the organization. So the change in any factor will ultimately effect on the behaviour of the organisation (Ajzen, 1988) and it is essential to manage these changes in appropriate and systematic manners in order to avoid failures at strategic level. Have used the Avon the company for women in recent years; have gone through the structural changes very often due to the economic ups and downs in past couple of years and fierce competition in market which have demanded the high cost efficiency and quality. Avon American based cosmetic company which have only product portfolios for women providing the range of products starting from cosmetics to beauty and fashion. Avon is known for their unique distribution channels where products are not sold in traditional shops displays instead the products are sold door to door by the Avon representatives leading to make the largest team of representatives with more than five million over the globe. REASONS FOR CHANGE AVON COMPANY In recent years the change is essential for every organisation to survive for long term and sustain in highly competitive environment. Organisations fail to change the systems and themselves in modern environment loss there market and standings example are many IT and related companies which come to near extinguish. However there following typical reasons in modern era which have lead the organizations to made changes in their structures and behaviours; Technology updates: In recent years the organization efficiency and cost savings is dependent on the use of suitable technology solutions and they need the technology to maintain themselves in the highly competitive market. So the organizations which did not adopt the suitable technology may be the victim of inefficiencies, slow productions growths and less profit margins, further the use of appropriate technology and making it part of the strategy is biggest challenge for todays organisations. Competition situation: competition have changed it selves to the highly volatile and fierce where it survive the organizations have to change themselves continuously in order to remain ahead in the game, where international organisations have adopt the competition strategy by making themselves highly sustainable, ethical values and updated for the changing environment with more focus on competing through digital world. Economic conditions : A few years ago the economic conditions was almost stable and according to the pattern but recent credit crunch have left the organisations uncertain about their future and prove there planning for their future may need the minor or complete revision. So in that case the organizations are expecting the uncertain and unseen economic conditions in the future and best strategy to deal these uncertainties is that the companies change their structure and behaviour flexible enough to incorporate the changes. Changes reasons in Avon; Avon has particularly driven to change by the following factors; Cost savings: like other cosmetics companies the Avon also facing the challenge to maintain their profitability level with minimizing the cost and efficiency. Te Avon have initiated the cost saving scheme in 2008 which will be further linger till 2015 which will ensure the huge changes in the organisation with in this time period including the individuals focus to save cost much as possible and ensure the cost savings in future time period. Sale representatives: the economy down fall left the human resource jobless and dissatisfies where Avon took the opportunity and make their strategic aim to increase their sale representative base strong and change the way organisation deals with their work force making them the most compatible with the new environment. More skills development: Traditionally Avon have worked with the limited but high class skills which were limited to the top level , however Avon is now focusing more on delegation and skill development in all level of staff so the organisation emerged as the highly compatible. CHANGE STRATEGY AND CHANGE PROCESS Organisational change requires the complete strategic standing and concern and should be adopted and made on the higher level, where this process begins with making the clear vision of the organisation after change and how the different aspect and contexts will be dealt in course of making the strategy for change. Change Philosophy; Change philosophy may consist of the organisations standing and vision about the change and how they perceive it like Avon has taken the change as the mean of competition and incorporating the recent external changes in the organisation however the most organisations have taken it as the art of the organisations casual operations and part of the organisational life cycle for others it is rare and one off event after long time and due to the extreme reasons. Change Approach: This can be representatives of how the organisations will be managing the change process and how the change process will proceed. The approach can be either top down or bottom up where the top down approach means the lower staff are driven to change by higher management however the bottom up approach means the lower staff have been the factor which have realized the upper management drive the change process. The most common approach is mixer of each approach as the leads is unable to bring the change without employees consent. Style: The style may present the perceptions of the management about the change like either they are taking as the very crucial and making redundancies to bring the changes or the organisation are bringing the change through the involvement of employees with continuous contribution from them. Role of others: The change is driven by the individuals in the organization which should clearly identify the hierarchy of personal taking part in the process and there should be the clear line of responsibilities and role. Change implication models; The change models are systematic approach of the company to adopt the change, where many researchers have combined many factors and challenges to make standards processes to bring the changes in the organisation. There are number of models used for change implementation and there is no standard about each model to be adopted for the change for every organisation and circumstances. However there are following common models are adopted by the majority of organisations; Balance score card: is the method where the change is implemented in various areas of the business with different perspective and finally the overall impact is calculated to make the overall change happen in the organisation. The main change areas are financial, operational, supply chain and technology etc. Kaizen: this is the model which have based on the philosophy that the change is the part of the organisational operations and there must always the increments in the system and improvements through the company without any pause. The Kaizen suggest that the change is the function which organisation adopt like all other functions like marketing or production etc. The Kaizen model is suggesting the manufacturing with the philosophy of zero effect and total quality management in the organisation. Kotters change model: this model presents the step by step approach to change process where the change could be adopted as the side operation of the organisation over the period without much interference in the primary functions however his model also equally adoptable in changes which require the total spin off the company. The Kotters model allows the organizations to identify and manage the challenges in the change process like the resistance from stakeholders and motivation etc. Kotters eight step ensure the organisation have gone through the careful process to manage the change in structure with minimum risk factors. Business process reengineering: is the philosophy for change where the focus of the management to change the style of working and ways the functions are performed before so to perform the particular task the organization is more focus on the changing the ways of working eliminating the inefficiencies and slacknesss making it more efficient and productive. Other methods are balance score card, Lewins model and action research model etc The above stated models are more effective in individual and unique circumstances and there should be analysis conduct by management in order to find the model is best suitable to the organizations unique circumstances and it is recommended to stay on one model once being adopted. There are following questions which the managements should consider before recommending any model to the company; How frequently the change happen in the organisation for example for frequent change the kaizen model is best suitable or other wise How much Time allocated to the change process happen for example Kotters model allow the both short term or long term change however the Lewins change model is used for change in short time period is use What is the Reason of change itself define the model adopted for the incremental change the Kotter model or the Kaizen is adoptable however the economic crunches or any emergency change may require the spin off change process suggesting the Lewins or Action Research method base What are the organisation and their business nature and type, manufacturing prefer the process reengineering etc Recommended for the Avon Avon have been changing themselves because of both factors like the economic downturn and as part of continuous improvement also the Avon is both service oriented and production base company so need the model which could coped easily in each situation and possible solution is Kotters eight step model; where the changes will precede as follows; 1-First of all the Urgency for change will created by identifying the factors which required the proposed change and what worse could happen if Avon could not change the behaviours in the organisation and implement the proposed solutions and afterwards gets the solution from the management. 2- After approval Avon will form the team which lead the change and assist the organization to overcome the hurdles for change to happen. These are influential people of the organisation which management thinks could easily convenience the resistance from the stakeholders. 3-Along with the team the Avon will create the vision of future of the organisation, where the organisation will consider the strategic objectives and how the change will obtain the strategic objectives. 4-Communication is essential throughout the change process and information asymmetry may cause the resistance and delays in the process of change so the Kotters fourth step allow the organisation to first allow the organisation to mange there communication aspect easily so do not face the problem in the coming stages. 5- Resistance could be any forms in the change process wither due to the stakeholders especially the employees or there are resources delays, which should be managed in the fifth stage of the change. Here Avon may feel restricted due to the technology delays will be managed before proceeding to actual stage. 6- By creating the vision and awareness may not enough for the employees to make them realize that the actual changes are on the way and may fruitful so if they are given the taste of the outcomes might be better able to give the organisation the maximum contribution from the employees. 7-This stage is crucial as on this stage as the organisation will create the actual activities in the organization. 8-Reviews and monitoring: On this stage the change process is finished and the company stable the organisational operations and outcomes are measured to find the extent to which the set objectives are achieved. STAKE HOLDERS INVOLVEMENT Stakeholders are crucial to any change implementation to the successful, have been indicated any studies there are following Stakeholders which affected by the organisational activities. The personals, which are most influenced by the organisational activities especially change activities are they stake holders which should be managed in an appropriate ways to avoid the conflicts of interested and resistance from them Aon have Shareholders, customers, employees and suppliers as the ka stakeholders. According to the Mendlows are the key stakeholders, where the where by adopting the following grid the organisation can manage the stakeholders. According to these mapping the stakeholders involvement will differ for each stakeholder according to their interest and power in the organisation. Shareholders are managed closely as they have high interest and power in the company Employees are keep satisfied and informed because the although have the highest interest in the company and low influence but could fall in the high power category by lobbing and other ways Customers should be informed so they know what is going around in the company Suppliers with low interest and low power are monitor effectively. Here the each can involve in change by following ways; Shareholders: The shareholders have interest of wealth in the organisation ain any for also they have attitude towards the risk taken in any change ad project and according to the stakeholder mapping they have the highest power and interest in the company. So, Avon must closely monitor them and gave them the true picture of what is happening ad progress of the project. The shareholders involvement could be achieved in following ways Taking suggestions and decisions about the critical matters like risk and investors in particular areas Face to face individual meetings are essential where the influential shareholder s is concern or the management is expecting the lobbing from the minor shareholders, which can create the big problem in future In Periodic and annual meetings Avon should convey and gave presentation on the progress of change process and there should be written report to the shareholders about the progress of the change process. Employees: Employees involvement is important where the case studies have revealed that the change plans without the much contribution from the employees mostly fails to achieve the required level of outcomes. Employees are most affected by the organisation plan of changes in form of either they can lose their jobs in result or have fear to change her position on which they feel comfortable. In the stakeholders grid the employees have lower influence on individual level and high interest so must be keep satisfied as if they do lobbing can create the problem for the organisation. The employees if not kept satisfied any result in the delay in the process and their involvement in the process increase the chance for the change. There are following methods or systems could be adopted to take their contribution in the process; Schedule and managers meeting with each individual in the organisation because he mangers are more confronting point so the employees feel satisfied and can easily share their doubts and ideas about the change Presentations and seminars after intervals are best source to gave the employees what is actual progress and where the company is standing now and what possible issues can arise and finally at that point the employees can assist the organisation in that change process. Online portals and blogs which will encourage the employees to discuss the change openly rather than involving in typical office politics and management should carefully mange the suggestions coming from employees with appropriate feedbacks and rewards which will encourage others as well to take part in the process. The change in behaviours requires the change in the culture and working environment which is done by the management and of course by changing the role models. Customers; Avon almost affected by the requirement and need of their ladies which also can e priceless resource in the organisations change process for unique ideas and living the image after or before change happens. Customers are also most influenced by the staff services and convince in ordering and quality of product so their contribution importance could not be denied. In stakeholder grid the customer have high influence and lower interest so they must keep informed and their contribution may obtain by either through the surveys or tailored interviews. Suppliers: Suppliers although are least influential in the organisation however they can be a delay in the change process through the inconvenient supplies or become the major stakeholders. So before proceeding the change Avon must consult their suppliers for the details to avoid the unseen circumstances. APPLYING THE SUCCESSFUL STRATEGY The successful strategic implication require s the minimum challenge faced from the stake holders if the employees restrict the change they can abort change procedures and company will not be able to apply the changes in the organisation as required. The change restriction could be due to no reasons like The rights or interest of personals are affected and not considered in the company so make agreements with them The person is restricting due to being facing difficulty in adjusting in the new process so unable to cope creating the resistance to change processes, so there is need to consider them by giving training and consultation They are creating problem because they think change is not what is required for company or unable to understand the outcomes achieved from the change process. So management should educate them or gave them the appropriate awareness about the matter. The organization can manage them by making them the system as on the planning stage and reviewing the system after periodic period to avoid conflicts and minimizing the negative impacts of the changes to the people and processes as change is not essentially did not bring always the positive outcomes so should managed carefully. Conclusion: The change in organisation or behavioural changes require the change in the working styles, structure and culture of the organisation where all these changes are further dependent on the cost savings, skills developments and changing the way of working could be best approach for Avon Company. The change implementation may require appropriate change strategy and suitable model, where Avon may be best suited for the Kotters eight step model. The change may results in failure if the stakeholders are not managed appropriately where the stakeholders are managed through these of gridding system ad allocating them according to their interest and power.

An Argument For Sustainable Agriculture Essay -- Farming Agricultural

An Argument For Sustainable Agriculture Introduction Merriam-Webster's online dictionary defines stewardship as "the careful and responsible management of something entrusted in one's care" (Merriam-Webster, 2015). Sustainable agriculture is a method that does not deplete soil, water, air, wildlife or human community resources ("Community Alliance with," 1997). These two principles describe a type of farming that practices responsible management of the land in a way that does not deplete natural resources or the human community. We are living in a time when many environmental issues have come up due to such things as overpopulation, increased waste production, over consumption, depletion of natural resources and other activities that do not replenish the land. We must show great concern in dealing with these problems. Farming is clearly a key element in sustaining life as we know it, but it can also have devastating affects on the land. "Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet present needs without compromising the abil ity of future generations to meet their own needs. Therefore, stewardship of both natural and human resources is of prime importance" (Feenstra). So, by managing resources under our care responsibly and practicing methods that do not deplete natural and human resources, we can meet current needs without compromising the needs of future generations. The idea of taking care of things for future generations is of prime importance in dealing with all issues that lead to compromising our environment. Farming is one activity that can lead to the depletion of soil, water, air, wildlife and quality of human community resources. Alternatives to conventional farming methods are present and do have th... ...pril 2015 http://www.cfarm.com/faq/whyorg.htm Community Alliance with Family Farmers. (1997). FAQ's About Sustainable Agriculture, Web 14 April 2015 www.caff.org/sustain/faq/ Engelken, R. (1983). The Art of Natural Farming and Gardening. Greeley, Iowa: Barington Hall Press. Feenstra, Gail. (No Date). What is Sustainable Agriculture? Web 14 April 2015 www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/sarep/concept.htm Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary. (2015). http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Organic Corn Hardier Than Conventional. (1995). Science News, 148, 255. Platt, LaVonne G. (Ed.). (1987). Hope For the Family. (1987). Newton, Kansas: Faith and Life Press. Pretty, Jules N. (1995). Regenerating Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. Whole Earth. (No Date). 10 Reasons to GO Organic. Web 14 April 2015 www.demon.co.Earthnet/org.10rea.html

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

The Great Gatsby   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the story of Great Gatsby there are many diverse individuals which make themselves heard in the book. Tom Buchanan is the one character that the reader loves to hate. He represents the materialistic views in and around the Jazz era. The question at hand is to consider the character and role of Tom Buchanan in the story. How is the reader meant to respond to this character. To answer the question Tom must be broken down and investigated in an in-depth manner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The era the action takes place in is known as the Jazz era. It is well known as a very superficial time period. Tom is known as a very superficial character. Although Tom is well known as a wealthy man who seems to have the whole world at his beck and call. Despite his advantages which he has received in life it does not reflect his image which is ugly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People are constantly striving to be like him because of his social status. He is the apex of the society, a very powerful individual, with enormous wealth. He is openly aggressive towards people especially his wife whom he is abusive towards. He also shows abusive actions towards his mistress Myrtle when he meets with her in New York. Tom believes solely that he is more important than anyone else. He also has much hate towards Gatsby when he first meets him, since Tom is particularly jealous of Gatsby's wealthiness over his own. We see his jealousy when he gets a favour from a friend in New York City to look into Jay Gatsby and the life he has led.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reader develops much hate towards Mr. Buchanan when we learn of his mistress. His disprovement grows when he strikes her across the face and severely hurts her for no apparent reason. His rude attitude towards others are also taken to heart when Tom is seen out in public trying to show off for his friend Nick Caraway of how much of a man he can be.

Arts and Sciences essay Essay

â€Å"To what extent does the subjective nature of perception act as an advantage for artists and an obstacle that is to be overcome by scientists?†Ã‚  In the theory of knowledge, there are four ways of knowing: perception, reasoning, language and emotion. The central focus is on perception which is fundamentally about using one or more of the five senses to gain knowledge. There are several areas of knowledge such as the arts, sciences, human sciences, history, mathematics and ethics. However, the two focal areas of knowledge are the arts and sciences. A science is an area of knowledge where the scientific method is employed through formulating a hypothesis, constructing a method and drawing a scientific conclusion from the results. The arts are completely different on the other hand. It accentuates the importance of using one’s imagination and expressing emotions through an aesthetically pleasing medium be it visual arts, drama, dance, music or literature. Perception is known to be very subjective which means that different individuals can perceive and interpret the same object in a different manner. What may be deduced by someone may not be the same as the conclusion that another person has drawn. The subjective nature of perception has been known to obscure the nature of science and at the same time, work well for artists. Despite certain exceptions, the subjective nature of sense perception can be viewed as a substantial advantage for artists but it can be a hindrance for scientists. Perception is known to be very subjective regardless of the sense because different people have different abilities and tastes. We know perception is subjective because one person might perceive something different from his/her acquaintance. For instance, in the movie A Beautiful Mind, the protagonist Nash has taken drugs therefore he hallucinates. Whilst he sees images of his past, his family and friends are not able to see or hear those images therefore Nash’s perception has been substantially deceived. This shows that the perception is skewed towards one viewpoint because people have different abilities to see and hear different things. Another reason why perception may be subjective is because different individuals have different tastes and this can formulate differing opinions about a particular topic. For example, a Middle Eastern person, who is not very accustomed to spicy food, might find jalapenos very spicy because of the amount of heat in jalapeno however an Indian may find it insufficiently spicy because they eat much spicier food at home. Across the world, different people have contrasting tastes therefore this makes the nature of perception even more subjective. However, there are counter claims which contravene with this knowledge issue. For instance, when it comes to color, almost everyone can agree on one standpoint. For example, everyone can safely say that the sky is blue including the color blind people because they only struggle perceiving the colors red and green. This shows that perception is sometimes objective. There are some other examples that apply to the different senses besides eyesight. For example, coffee without any sugar is very bitter and almost all, if not all people can agree on the fact that sugarless coffee is bitter. This shows that there are some aspects of this world where people’s views about a particular object are the same no regardless of where they originate from. This means they acquire the same knowledge. However, the fact still remains that perception can sometimes be subjective because not too many people would interpret an object in the same manner due to differences in tastes, abilities and cultural perspectives. Moreover, we know that the subjective nature of perception can hamper a scientist from gaining correct knowledge about the sciences. For example, according to what we cover in the chemistry syllabus, the atom is composed of protons, neutrons, electrons, electron shells and orbitals. However, these subatomic particles are so infinitesimally small to the extent that no one can be able to see them, not even with the aid of a microscope. This can pose a major problem for scientists because it hampers with their knowledge of atomic chemistry. It also ignites doubts about whether claims about the atom are correct or not. There are many experiments to find out what exists within an atom but they are all different, thus substantiating the subjective nature of perception. However, this can prove to be an invalid argument because different people interpret different phenomena differently. In this case, even though all the people would struggle to see the subatomic particles, some people would more easily find evidence of atomic structures. Acids are another example which substantiates the subjectivity of perception. Orange contains an acid called citric acid which has a high pH and is therefore a weak acid.